The deformations of the element in the middle surface of the shell and its rotation about all axes are considered in the derivation of these equations.

在推导过程中，考虑了壳体微元在中面内的变形和绕各个轴的转动。

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In the late Middle Ages, it was customary to scrape away the surface of the parchment with an abrasive, which completely wiped out any writing that was there.

在中世纪后期，人们习惯用磨料刮去羊皮纸的表面，把纸上的所有文字都擦得干干净净。

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To offset the rise in temperature expected by the middle of the century if things carry on as they are, the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface would have to be cut by just 1.1%.

如果进行得顺利的话，本世纪中叶就能抵消上升的气温，到达地球的光照将会减少1.1%。

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At the middle-management level, a crippling contradiction tends to surface.

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On the surface, he appeared content with life in the middle of nowhere and was focused on the fight at the weekend.

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In coordinated groups, the animals first cornered and then herded a massive school of herring, blowing bubbles around them to confuse the fish and make them swim tighter, until, surging through the middle of the school with mouths agape, the humpbacks boiled to the surface in a feeding frenzy.

BBC: Cruising into Gold Rush country